RELEVANT CHAPTERS
Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards
HULL SPECIFIC INFORMATION
Humberside Police: Herbert Protocol (for use when a person with dementia or mental health issues goes missing)
RELEVANT INFORMATION
Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers (NICE)
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
As people get older, they sometimes find that loss of memory becomes problematic. Whilst it is normal for memory to be affected by a number of different factors including age, increased levels of stress, tiredness, menopause or certain illnesses and medications, it may be that there are underlying medical reasons that may require investigation and treatment, including dementia.
The following statistics relate to dementia in the UK:
- there are currently an estimated 944,000 people in the UK with dementia;
- the number of people with dementia is predicted to rise to 1.1million by 2030, 1.4million by 2040 and will reach 1.6million by 2050;
- one in 14 people in the UK aged over 65 have dementia;
- 60,000 deaths a year are directly attributable to dementia;
- the financial cost is £34.7 billion each year;
- women are more likely than men to develop dementia in their lifetimes, partly due to the fact that women live longer than men.
Alzheimer’s Society; Alzheimer’s Research UK – Dementia Statistics Hub).
2. What is Dementia?
Dementia is a common condition for which the risk of developing increases with age and usually occurs in people over the age of 65.
It is a syndrome (which is a group of related symptoms) associated with an ongoing decline of brain function, and affects:
- memory loss;
- thinking speed;
- mental agility;
- language;
- understanding;
- judgement.
An adult with dementia may undergo a number of different mental changes. This includes losing the ability to empathise, experiencing auditory or visual hallucinations, becoming up and down in their mood (being less emotionally stable), not having any interest in things and losing interest in past activities. Social situations may become more difficult as aspects of their personality change.
Where there are concerns that an adult with dementia no longer has mental capacity, safeguards should be put in place to ensure decisions are made in their best interests (see also the chapter on Assessing Mental Capacity Guidance).
The speed at which symptoms worsen and the way symptoms develop depends on the cause of the dementia, as well as the person’s overall health. This means that the symptoms, rate of progress and experience of dementia varies greatly for different people. There are no treatments yet that can slow the progression or delay the onset of the diseases which cause dementia, but a number of treatments which are currently available on the NHS can help to temporarily reduce symptoms.
An adult who is experiencing a number of the above symptoms related to dementia may find it difficult to maintain their independence, therefore often requiring help from family or friends, including help with decision making.
If a person – or their family or friends – is worried that they may be developing dementia, they should seek medical advice. Following investigations, early diagnosis can help people get the right treatment, care and support, and help those close to them to prepare, access support for themselves and plan ahead. With treatment, care and support many adults lead active and fulfilled lives.
3. Different Types of Dementia
3.1 Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, it causes changes to the chemistry and structure of the brain leading to the death of brain cells. Common symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia include:
- memory loss – especially problems with memory for recent events, such as forgetting messages, remembering routes or names, and asking questions repetitively;
- having increasing difficulties with everyday tasks and activities;
- becoming confused in unfamiliar environments;
- difficulty finding the right words;
- difficulty with numbers and/or handling money in shops;
- changes in personality and mood;
- depression.
Early symptoms of dementia (sometimes called cognitive impairment) are often mild and may get worse only very gradually. This means that some people – and their family and friends – do not notice them, or take them seriously for quite a while.
3.2 Vascular dementia
Vascular dementia is caused when the oxygen supply to the brain fails and brain cells die as a result. The symptoms of vascular dementia can happen suddenly, such as after a stroke, or over time, through a series of small strokes. The onset of symptoms can be quite sudden and quickly get worse, although they can also develop gradually over many months or years.
People with vascular dementia may also experience stroke-like symptoms, including muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of their body.
3.3 Dementia with Lewy bodies
This form of dementia is caused by tiny spherical structures that develop inside nerve cells in the brain, which leads to the degeneration of brain tissue. Dementia with Lewy bodies has many of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, but people with the condition typically also experience:
- periods of being alert or drowsy, or fluctuating levels of confusion;
- visual hallucinations;
- becoming slower in their physical movements.
3.4 Frontotemporal dementia
Damage is usually focused in the front part of the brain, so personality and behaviour are initially more affected than memory. An adult with this type of dementia may become less sensitive to other people’s emotions, perhaps seeming cold and insensitive. They may also lose some of their inhibitions, leading to behaviour that is out of character for them, such as making inappropriate comments. Some adults also have language problems, which may result in them not speaking, speaking less than usual or having problems finding the right words.
4. Symptoms in Later Stage Dementia
As dementia progresses, memory loss and difficulties with communication often become very severe. In the later stages, the affected adult is unlikely to be able to care for themselves and will require constant care and attention.
- Memory symptoms: adults may not recognise close family and friends, remember where they live, know where they are, and find it impossible to understand simple pieces of information, carry out basic tasks or follow instructions.
- Communication problems: adults may have increasing difficulty speaking and may eventually not be able to speak at all.
- Mobility problems: adults may become less mobile eventually becoming unable to walk and therefore bedbound.
- Incontinence: urinary incontinence is common, and some people will also experience faecal incontinence.
- Eating, appetite and weight: loss of appetite, and difficulties eating or swallowing are common. This may lead to choking with subsequent chest infections. Weight loss associated with such problems is therefore common.
As well as issues of mental capacity, consideration should be given as to the adult’s human rights where they lack capacity to consent to care and treatment (see the chapters on Assessing Mental Capacity and Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards).
5. Adults with Care and Support Needs
Early diagnosis and receiving the right treatment, care and support are key to some of the core concepts of the Care Act 2014 (see the chapters on Promoting Wellbeing and Prevention, Reduction and Delay in the Development of Need).
Whilst an adult with an early diagnosis of dementia may not initially require care and support services, they will inevitably do so as the disease progresses (see the Assessment and Self-Assessment chapter). Their carers may also require assessment and a support plan (see the chapter on Carers Assessment and Self-Assessment).
Some adults with dementia will be self-funders through either their own financial means or that of a family member for example. They may not necessarily, therefore, require assessment by the local authority.
Where an adult is assessed by the local authority, a care and support plan should be drawn up with them, in relation to their expressed wishes and needs wherever possible, and those of their carer (see the chapter on Outcome Focused Support Planning).
6. Carers
Dementia can be a very distressing illness for both the adult, and their family and friends. They often see the personality and capabilities of their loved one change considerably, sometime to the point of being unrecognisable to how they were when they were well. For couples who have been together a long time, for example, it will be very upsetting when their partner or spouse no longer recognises them or is they are subject to physical attacks.
Where adults with dementia are being carried for at home by family or friends, it is essential that they receive all the multi-agency support necessary to enable them to care effectively for the adult for as long as they are able. This should include an assessment by the local authority if they so wish, and the compilation of a support plan for the carer to put in place interventions that enable them to continue caring for their loved one. This may include home visits from care workers to help with care and support needs, day centre placements, short breaks in residential homes or having someone live in at home whilst they go on holiday (see Carers’ Breaks chapter).
The carer’s support plan review should include discussions about the longer term future for the adult and their carer, and staff should broach the subject of what may happen if there comes a time when the carer can no longer care for the adult concerned.
Both the adult’s care and support plan and the carer’s support plan should include interventions for responding should the carer be no longer able to care on either a short term (illness for example) or permanent basis.
7. Advance Care Planning
People can make and record decisions to ensure their wishes and views are respected should they lose mental capacity in the future, as a result of dementia for example. This includes making advance decisions in relation to health care treatment, and authorising lasting power of attorney in relation to their health and welfare and / or property and financial affairs.
8. Safeguarding Adults with Dementia
As noted above, common symptoms for adults with dementia include memory loss, disorientation, confusion, communication difficulties, behavioural issues, low mood and cognitive impairment. One or more of these factors can put an adult at risk of suffering or experiencing abuse or neglect.
They are vulnerable to abuse or neglect because:
- dementia can affect a person’s ability to communicate or can make them confused, so they maybe unable to tell anyone about abuse or neglect they are experiencing;
- they may no longer be able to manage their own financial affairs, if an unsuitable person takes this over for them, it gives them opportunity to steal money or other possessions;
- they can be susceptible to psychological or physical abuse because carers cannot cope – either on a temporary or long term basis – and for example become angry, shout, handle them roughly or are otherwise unkind;
- they can be targeted by abusers who take advantage of their condition and know they may be unable to refuse them or are submissive to domineering characters;
- the adult may forget about the abuse and so not tell anyone.
As the condition progresses and the adult gets worse, their ability to protect themself lessens and often goes completely.
Where there are any safeguarding concerns, Hull Safeguarding Adults Partnership Board procedures should be followed (see Safeguarding Adults Procedures).
9. Training and Supervision
Training should be available for all staff working directly with adults with dementia, but also to other frontline staff to ensure they have an awareness and understanding of the issues that arise for both adults and their carers in relation to managing the symptoms of this very complex disease. This is particularly important considering the predicted rise of the number of people who will be affected by dementia over the next 10 years.
Staff supervision sessions need to recognise the challenge that working with adults with dementia can present for practitioners, who are involved in supporting both them and their carer. The symptoms of dementia can result in behaviour that is difficult to manage, whilst also being emotionally distressing for the individual member of staff.
Support in relation to these issues needs to be available for staff through supervision, as well as external sources of specialist support where required.